“位于西雅圖市的華盛頓大學(xué)下雷尼爾維斯塔項(xiàng)目為太平洋西北岸最壯麗的景色建立了框架。設(shè)計(jì)降低了破壞視線通達(dá)性的道路，并在其上建設(shè)擁有多式聯(lián)運(yùn)樞紐的高架橋。通過(guò)重整地形、重新組合、重新設(shè)計(jì)它的寬闊草坪，項(xiàng)目修復(fù)了奧姆斯特德兄弟于1909年提出的校園和雷尼爾山之間的視覺(jué)聯(lián)系?！?br/>
"The Lower Rainier Vista project on the campus of the University of Washington in Seattle creates the framework for one of the most spectacular views in the Pacific Northwest. The design lowered a road that disrupted the viewshed and created a land bridge over it that covers a multimodal transportation hub. By regrading, reconfiguring, and reimagining its vast lawns, this project has repaired the visual connection between the campus and Mount Rainier first conceived by the Olmsted Brothers in 1909."
——2019年ASLA獎(jiǎng)評(píng)委
項(xiàng)目概述
華盛頓大學(xué)下雷尼爾維斯塔項(xiàng)目通過(guò)多種交通節(jié)點(diǎn)的交匯，拓展并完善了奧姆斯特德兄弟對(duì)紀(jì)念性校園軸線的歷史愿景。設(shè)計(jì)借鑒了哥特式學(xué)院的風(fēng)格，利用維斯塔精細(xì)的地形來(lái)框景，融入現(xiàn)代化設(shè)施，并增加無(wú)障礙設(shè)施。新建的高架橋促進(jìn)了哈士奇體育場(chǎng)、華盛頓大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心以及校園中心的新建輕軌車(chē)站間的步行、騎行、公交和汽車(chē)等多式聯(lián)運(yùn)。
項(xiàng)目詳情
位于西雅圖市華盛頓大學(xué)的雷尼爾維斯塔長(zhǎng)約半英里，原為1904年阿拉斯加-尤肯-太平洋博覽會(huì)會(huì)場(chǎng)的主軸線，它將橢圓形布局的校園與于雷尼爾山的壯美景色連接起來(lái)，很快成為這座西海岸大學(xué)與其自然環(huán)境背景相聯(lián)系的標(biāo)志。
在隨后的一個(gè)世紀(jì)中，隨著城市擴(kuò)張和設(shè)施的發(fā)展，雷尼爾維斯塔作為校園入口和漫步休閑空間的定位開(kāi)始面臨挑戰(zhàn)。隨著維斯塔南部地勢(shì)較低的區(qū)域建設(shè)地下車(chē)庫(kù)，以及周?chē)鞲傻赖臄U(kuò)建，校園的邊緣變得越來(lái)越模糊，最終成為一片空置的、停滿(mǎn)汽車(chē)的空間。
▲場(chǎng)地歷史：奧姆斯特德兄弟的設(shè)計(jì)圖并沒(méi)有展現(xiàn)軸線末端以外的地區(qū)，經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)世紀(jì)的都市擴(kuò)張，這一區(qū)域由于不是校園的正式入口而被孤立。新的輕軌車(chē)站推動(dòng)了該區(qū)域的重新設(shè)計(jì)。
新建的地區(qū)輕軌車(chē)站建設(shè)計(jì)劃為維斯塔項(xiàng)目帶來(lái)了機(jī)遇。下雷尼爾維斯塔項(xiàng)目的提出，正是為了借助這條歷史性軸線，將輕軌車(chē)站與公交車(chē)、自行車(chē)道和人行道連接起來(lái)。新下雷尼爾維斯塔的設(shè)計(jì)由五個(gè)政府組織協(xié)作完成，包括華盛頓大學(xué)、華盛頓州交通運(yùn)輸部、海灣公共交通局、金縣地鐵交通局以及西雅圖交通運(yùn)輸部。設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)從重建維斯塔軸線的設(shè)計(jì)愿景著手，在歷時(shí)五年的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，將這一核心元素與利益相關(guān)者復(fù)雜的空間和政策要求相交織。為實(shí)現(xiàn)重建維斯塔軸線的宏偉體驗(yàn)的愿景，維斯塔成為了多種現(xiàn)代化設(shè)施系統(tǒng)的紐帶，為步行，或乘坐輕軌、公交車(chē)，或騎行，或自駕前來(lái)的人們提供服務(wù)。
▲雷尼爾維斯塔軸線鳥(niǎo)瞰圖
▲概念草圖
設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)利用項(xiàng)目的巨大規(guī)模，在景觀中清晰呈現(xiàn)出下雷尼爾維斯塔軸線。軸線采用高架橋的形式，跨越了一條主要的公交路線，成為校園南部的核心。同時(shí)，乘坐輕軌來(lái)到華盛頓大學(xué)的步行者和騎行者們，以及沿西雅圖區(qū)域性騎行道而來(lái)的騎行者們，都將在這里相遇。為了提供無(wú)縫的行人體驗(yàn)，設(shè)計(jì)將與高架橋相交的道路高度下降了20英尺（約6米）。下沉道路的兩側(cè)墻面使用石籠工法，其中的石塊來(lái)自當(dāng)?shù)夭墒瘓?chǎng)。高架橋簡(jiǎn)單的沙漏形式一方面與大學(xué)早期的哥特復(fù)興式建筑風(fēng)格相呼應(yīng)，同時(shí)也為下方狹窄道路上行駛的公交車(chē)提供空間。
▲俯瞰步行橋：橋?qū)⑤S線的兩端連接起來(lái)，道路下沉，使校園與輕軌車(chē)站之間的步行道路無(wú)縫連接
▲設(shè)計(jì)理念：高架橋的“鏡像拱門(mén)”形式借鑒了華盛頓大學(xué)羅馬學(xué)院式的建筑風(fēng)格，內(nèi)部邏輯則是用交織的流線來(lái)激活空間。
▲人行高架橋的設(shè)計(jì)解決了一系列技術(shù)問(wèn)題，如減低造價(jià)、減緩道路坡度，維持地鐵線纜暢通，以及減少下方道路上的陰影等。
沿微微傾斜的Vista延伸的大草坪成為了華盛頓大學(xué)的“前廊”，人們?cè)谶@里聚會(huì)、休閑、舉辦活動(dòng)，小路和小型廣場(chǎng)將Vista與周?chē)h(huán)境連接起來(lái)。草坪和Vista的高差營(yíng)造出視錯(cuò)覺(jué)效果，當(dāng)人們從校園外望向校內(nèi)的噴泉時(shí)，兩者之間的距離仿佛比實(shí)際要近許多。此外，這一高差巧妙地設(shè)置地平線的位置，使人們沿著觀景軸線遠(yuǎn)眺雷尼爾山時(shí)，Montlake大道上的繁忙交通會(huì)被弱化。史蒂芬路與高架橋之間的高差巧妙地形成了岬狀和碗狀的空間，帶來(lái)多樣化的體驗(yàn)，為不同的活動(dòng)提供了場(chǎng)地。
▲從人行橋眺望Drumheller噴泉。地形帶來(lái)的視錯(cuò)覺(jué)讓人覺(jué)得與噴泉的距離比實(shí)際要近。
▲改造前從軸線望向雷尼爾山，人們的視線被繁忙的道路交通吸引
▲改造后，地形微妙起伏、不斷延伸的場(chǎng)地平面將人們的視線引向雷尼爾山，人們可以利用軸線中的小型廣場(chǎng)來(lái)穿越草地、休憩，或拍攝雷尼爾山的壯麗景色。
下雷尼爾維斯塔中的植被多為本土物種，它們經(jīng)過(guò)精心設(shè)計(jì)，以滿(mǎn)足地下停車(chē)場(chǎng)屋頂?shù)暮奢d限制，并讓該區(qū)域融入整個(gè)校園的環(huán)境氛圍。此外，它們還建立了與雷尼爾山自然景色之間的聯(lián)系。那些高達(dá)的古老樹(shù)木在建設(shè)中被妥善保護(hù)起來(lái)，構(gòu)成了維斯塔軸線的森林框架。為了將來(lái)的植被演替，項(xiàng)目也種植了新的樹(shù)木。維斯塔的南端要求植被能夠適應(yīng)較強(qiáng)的陽(yáng)光直射，未來(lái)隨著樹(shù)冠的生長(zhǎng)，將變得更加繁茂。
▲從人行高架橋眺望新建輕軌車(chē)站和哈士奇體育場(chǎng)，植被為下雷尼爾維斯塔營(yíng)造了歡迎的氛圍，并與標(biāo)志性的森林相連。
▲從Montlake大道眺望Drumheller噴泉
▲傍晚遠(yuǎn)眺雷尼爾山
設(shè)計(jì)方案通過(guò)照明、城市家具、維護(hù)方式等措施，精心保留了維斯塔開(kāi)放而整潔的體驗(yàn)。簡(jiǎn)單的預(yù)制混凝土長(zhǎng)椅整齊排列，構(gòu)建集聚空間。環(huán)境光的強(qiáng)度經(jīng)過(guò)專(zhuān)業(yè)計(jì)算，以避免在夜間過(guò)度照亮空間。照明設(shè)計(jì)包括巧妙設(shè)置在森林背景中的柱燈，以及打亮道路并強(qiáng)化高架橋彎曲輪廓的隱藏式軌道光帶。
▲改造前在軸線上眺望Drumheller噴泉。此時(shí)的地形與交通流線主要為汽車(chē)服務(wù)，而不是行人。
▲改造后在軸線上眺望Drumheller噴泉。新的地形和交通流線主要為行人和自行車(chē)服務(wù)，設(shè)施都隱藏起來(lái)了。
新的下雷尼爾維斯塔為華盛頓大學(xué)打開(kāi)了新的篇章。這一現(xiàn)代城市校園中的項(xiàng)目，為調(diào)和歷史遺跡、大型交通設(shè)施和人尺度空間體驗(yàn)之間的關(guān)系提供了寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
▲從輕軌車(chē)站望向步行高架橋
Project Statement
The University of Washington's Lower Rainier Vista Project extends and completes the Olmsted Brothers' historic vision for a monumental campus axis within the intersection of many transportation modes. The design references Collegiate Gothic forms and uses fine-tuned grading of the Vista to frame views, integrate modern infrastructure, and provide new ADA connections. A new land bridge facilitates multimodal integration of pedestrians, cyclists, buses, and automobiles between the new light rail station at Husky Stadium, the University of Washington Medical Center, and the University campus heart.
Project Narrative
The Rainier Vista at the University of Washington in Seattle was originally designed as the spine of the 1904 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition fairgrounds. Linking the pre-existing campus oval plan to the inspiring view of Mount Rainier, the half-mile long Rainier Vista quickly became the iconic representation of this West Coast University's connection to its dramatic natural setting.
Over the subsequent century of urban growth and infrastructural expansion, the Rainier Vista's role as a campus gateway and a place for strolling and relaxation increasingly came under conflicting pressures. The construction of a parking garage beneath the Vista's southern or "lower" extent, in conjunction with expansion of surrounding arterial roads, led to the eventual blurring of the campus edge into a largely vacant, vehicle-dominated place.
The opportunity to complete the Vista emerged alongside plans for a new regional light rail station. The Lower Rainier Vista project was conceived to connect the new light rail hub with enhanced bus, bike, and pedestrian routes to the campus through the historic axis. Five government agencies collaborated to realize the new Lower Rainier Vista design, including: the University of Washington, the Washington State Department of Transportation, Sound Transit, King County Metro Transit, and the Seattle Department of Transportation. Starting with a strong design vision for reclaiming the Vista's axis, the design team used this primary element, over a five-year design process, to weave together the complex spatial and political priorities of the many stakeholders. The design vision was to re-establish the grandeur and experience of the original Vista. It has become a new nexus of multiple, contemporary infrastructural systems, serving people arriving by foot, light rail, bus, bicycle, and car.
The design team leveraged the monumental scale of the project to re-establish the Lower Rainier Vista's axis as a legible "object" in the landscape. Extending over a major bus route via a land bridge, the axis anchors the southern extent of the campus. It also serves as a point of intersection between cyclists and pedestrians arriving from the light rail, as another group of cyclists is passing through on Seattle's primary regional trail. To accomplish the seamless pedestrian experience of a land bridge, the elevation of the roadway bisecting the Vista's axis was lowered by twenty feet. The new sides of the carved roadway were expressed as 'cut earth' through a language of gabion walls filled with local quarry spalls. The simple hourglass form of the bridge itself connects back to the Gothic Revival heritage of much of the University's early architecture, while also allowing clearance for buses passing beneath the narrowed center.
The newly planted lawns along the gently sloping Vista function as 'front porches' to the University: places for gathering, relaxation, and events, while connecting paths and small plazas link the Vista to its surroundings. The grading of the lawn and Vista creates the illusion of a foreshortened distance from outside of campus looking toward the fountain, making the fountain appear closer than it really is. The grading also uses careful placement of horizons to obscure Montlake Boulevard traffic from key views of Mt. Rainier. Between Stevens Way and the land bridge, the grading subtly forms a promontory and a bowl to create a variety of experiences and to encourage different activities within the axis.
Native planting, carefully calibrated to work with the load restrictions posed by the existing below-grade parking garage, draws the Lower Rainier Vista into the broader campus character. It also extends to the natural connection presented by the view of Mount Rainier beyond. Heritage trees, significant in stature and carefully protected during construction, compose the axis' forest frame. New trees were interplanted for future succession. The south end of the Vista required plants that will thrive in direct sunlight, but also flourish in the future as the canopy of new trees develops.
The design was careful to preserve the open, uncluttered experience of the Vista by utilizing lighting, furnishing, and maintenance solutions that supported this vision. Simple pre-cast concrete benches align to create gathering spaces. Ambient light levels were expertly calculated, so as to not over-light the space at night. The lighting design consists of discreet pole lights placed against the backdrop of the forest frame, and a hidden lean rail light source that both illuminates the walking surface and outlines the curving silhouette of the land bridge.
The new Lower Rainier Vista adds a meaningful chapter to the University's campus legacy. The project offers valuable lessons in reconciling the competing interests of a major historical monument, large transportation infrastructure, and human-scaled experience within the modern urban campus.
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