《景觀設(shè)計學》2020年第4期

俞孔堅?實踐研究：創(chuàng)新知識和方法的范式——《景觀設(shè)計學》2020年第4期“主編寄語”

^{Practice Research: A Paradigm for the Innovation of Knowledge and Methodology, By Yu Kongjian} 

2020年6月9日晚，一場中美國際線上研討會持續(xù)了近兩個小時。這是“實踐研究”系列討論的第一場，旨在揭示大學和規(guī)劃設(shè)計機構(gòu)如何通過研究，就具體實踐問題實現(xiàn)理論、方法和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，并促進相關(guān)應用與推廣。

本次研討會由麻省理工學院終身教授、著名景觀和生態(tài)學者安妮?惠斯頓?斯本發(fā)起。她曾深入研究美國生態(tài)規(guī)劃的開創(chuàng)者伊恩?L?麥克哈格在賓夕法尼亞大學和他本人創(chuàng)立的WMRT事務所進行的實踐研究（包括其著名的創(chuàng)新性實踐研究成果《設(shè)計結(jié)合自然》），以及兩個機構(gòu)間的互動關(guān)系。她亦非常好奇中國的相關(guān)實踐研究如何進行，并為此于麻省理工學院設(shè)立了專門的研究課題，重點探討過去20年間北京大學建筑與景觀設(shè)計學院和土人設(shè)計的實踐研究，以及這兩個機構(gòu)之間如何互動并進行知識創(chuàng)新，以解決中國城鎮(zhèn)化過程中出現(xiàn)的緊迫問題。受斯本教授的啟發(fā)，我回顧了“北大－土人”實踐研究的模式以及遇到的種種挑戰(zhàn)，由此總結(jié)了三點思考，與讀者分享：

第一，為什么要做實踐研究？當我們面對全新而陌生的問題，且缺乏成熟的解決方案或技術(shù)支持時，針對性研究便十分必要。例如，由于文化背景、社會制度及地域條件的不同，中國城鎮(zhèn)化進程中出現(xiàn)的一系列城市問題，均難以從其他國家的經(jīng)驗和教訓中直接找到可靠的預測模式和可借鑒的解決方案；同時，現(xiàn)存的理論方法繁多，但哪種方法更適用于當下中國所面臨的具體問題亦不得而知。在某種意義上，這便是“摸著石頭過河”——只有通過實踐研究才能得到真正有用的知識和解決實際問題的方法，在不斷的嘗試中積累經(jīng)驗，最終解決問題。

第二，誰來做實踐研究？一般而言，院校教師、科研機構(gòu)的研究員、學生，以及在實踐一線的規(guī)劃設(shè)計師是實踐研究的主體。但事實上，國內(nèi)現(xiàn)行的學術(shù)考核方式并不鼓勵實踐研究，而是片面追求論文引用，對實踐的理解偏差使得學者更傾向于做學究式的研究，從故紙堆里去尋找課題，熱衷于申請由政府設(shè)立的所謂“縱向項目”，而較少考慮由企業(yè)資助的、用于解決實際問題的“橫向項目”。在成果評定中，直接與社會實踐相結(jié)合的研究課題或多或少會受到忽視。事實上，在“以文章論英雄”的大學里，從職位招聘開始就已經(jīng)注定了實踐研究的弱勢地位，也奠定了院校的研究氛圍：脫離實踐的空泛研究不僅于解決當下的實際問題毫無益處，也使學生們在畢業(yè)后無法快速適應社會需求。長此以往，學科和專業(yè)的創(chuàng)新能力和解決問題的能力便每況愈下，學科也將失去其存在的意義。

在中國的城鎮(zhèn)化和市場化的大潮到來之前，規(guī)劃設(shè)計機構(gòu)原本有著非常深厚的研究傳統(tǒng)，為解決城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展過程中的癥結(jié)開展了大量名副其實的研究，因此常被稱為“規(guī)劃設(shè)計研究院”。后來，越來越多的研究院所改制為公司，進入市場；與此同時，在巨變的社會經(jīng)濟環(huán)境中，新問題層出不窮，對知識創(chuàng)新和模式創(chuàng)新的需求也隨之增加。然而，模式套用之風大行其道，諸如“一軸N廊N中心”“南擴、北控、東拓、西優(yōu)”的盲目照搬充斥于大江南北各個城市的規(guī)劃中，“跨江發(fā)展”“向海發(fā)展”成了套路，濱江大道、濱河大道蔚然成風。建筑與景觀設(shè)計行業(yè)中千篇一律、自欺欺人的規(guī)劃設(shè)計招投標、惡劣的低價競標，以及近20年不變的低取費標準，導致規(guī)劃設(shè)計人員鮮少能夠投入足夠的時間精力對實踐中的問題進行深入研究，由此造成行業(yè)內(nèi)劣幣驅(qū)逐良幣、從業(yè)者薪資和企業(yè)利潤低下的狀況，整體上使一個具有研究性的實踐行業(yè)退化為“廉價勞動力”主導的生產(chǎn)性行業(yè)。在自然資源保護與城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)內(nèi)，專業(yè)和行業(yè)難以適應國家行政機構(gòu)的調(diào)整和國家需求的重大轉(zhuǎn)變，亦暴露出過去數(shù)十年來實踐研究的嚴重缺位。

第三，面對當前的不利狀況，如何推動實踐研究和知識創(chuàng)新？首先，我們希望高校及研究機構(gòu)能夠認識到實踐研究的價值，并由此改變各種有損于實踐研究積極性的“指揮棒”——事實上，此次新冠肺炎疫情已經(jīng)以生命為代價，無情地揭示了中國實踐研究的窘境，也迫使有關(guān)部門名義上取消了唯論文和引用率為導向的評價體系[1]；其次，少數(shù)有情懷的學者對社會問題異常敏感，且富有研究熱情，他們利用自身影響力引領(lǐng)后輩積極開展實踐研究，這些努力和嘗試應該被鼓勵；再次，隨著市場機制逐步發(fā)揮作用，實踐研究將使研究性規(guī)劃設(shè)計機構(gòu)具備持續(xù)的競爭優(yōu)勢，使他們可以有更高的取費用于長期創(chuàng)新和研發(fā)，用更高的薪酬吸引優(yōu)秀人才，以形成市場選擇下優(yōu)勝劣汰的良性循環(huán)。正如恩格斯百余年前所言：社會一旦有技術(shù)上的需要，則這種需要就會比十所大學更能把科學推向前進[2]。因此，規(guī)劃設(shè)計實踐的充分市場化是實踐研究最終獲得重視和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的真正動力。

茍日新，日日新，又日新[3]。實踐研究是面對動態(tài)的社會和自然挑戰(zhàn)，不斷創(chuàng)新思想、理論、方法和技術(shù)的必由途徑，對于景觀設(shè)計和城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計學科而言尤其如此。說到底，規(guī)劃設(shè)計實踐本身就是針對某一個或一組問題，尋求最優(yōu)解的研究過程。而本期所探討的“原型研究”作為一種創(chuàng)新知識和方法的范式，即為實踐研究的一種。面向未來挑戰(zhàn)的原型研究成果將不斷拓寬景觀設(shè)計學科的發(fā)展路徑，為設(shè)計師及相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的學者提供更具前瞻性的設(shè)計思路和更有彈性的工作方法，以促使我們更好地適應充滿不確定性挑戰(zhàn)的未來。

^{In the evening of June 9, 2020, a two-hour online China-US seminar took place as the first session of the Practice Research serial seminars, aiming to explore what planning and design colleges and institutions should do to encourage theoretical, methodological, and technological innovations on practical issues and promote associated applications.}

^{This seminar was initiated by Anne Whiston Spirn, a tenured professor of MIT and a reputed landscape architect and ecologist. She has conducted extensive studies on the practice research carried out by Ian L. McHarg at the University of Pennsylvania and the WMRT Firm led by himself, including one of his most notable achievements of innovative practice research, Design with Nature. Meanwhile, she is curious about the practice research in China, and has started a program at MIT focusing on the work of the College of Architecture and Landscape of Peking University and Turenscape over the past two decades, and how the interaction between research and practice has promoted knowledge innovation to address the pressing issues of the urbanization in China. Inspired by Professor Spirn, my thoughts on the patterns and challenges of practice research by Peking University-Turenscape can be concluded into the answers to three questions:}

^{First, why do we need practice research? Targeted practice research can help improve our understanding to new discourses and generate theoretical guidance or technical roadmaps to new challenges. For instance, issues arising midst the urbanization in China see few references of prediction patterns or solutions from other countries, given the regional differences in cultural contexts, social institution, and geographical conditions. Also, the applicability of the current wide-ranging theories and methods remains unknown to Chinese cases. In some sense, it requires the spirit of “crossing the river by feeling the stones”—Only by conducting practice research can we gain the knowledge and methodologies to address authentic practice issues with constant attempts.}

^{Second, who does practice research? They can be college faculties and students, researchers, and planners / designers. However, the instructional evaluation of faculties of most Chinese design colleges measures the number of published papers and citations, rather than practice research, leading to a pedantic ecology where scholars are keen on studying the subjects commissioned by the government, instead of those sponsored by private enterprises coping with the problems in practice. In addition, the subjects on social topics are usually less studied. This “paper-first” instructional institution also defines the faculty structure of colleges and universities, neglecting practice research in curriculum design and teaching systems. The research that divorces from practice is bound to fail to solve actual problems, and such a college training would not guarantee the graduates to be prepared for real design tasks. This deteriorates the innovation capacity and problem-solving ability of design professionals and hinders the development of design disciplines to respond to contemporary missions.}

^{In China, before the aggressive urbanization and market reform, many state-owned planning and design institutes had a good tradition of “practice as research” with authentic cases of urban-rural development; Afterwards, with the rapid changes of China’s socio-economic environment, these institutes have finished their transformation into capital-driven firms, which have faced new challenges in knowledge and technical innovation and working-mode reform so as to fulfill the profession’s contemporary tasks. However, generic planning schemes are popularly employed, and stereotypes like “axes-corridors-centers,” “cross-river development,” or “coastal growth” are prevailing across China. Worse, the fraudulent or vicious bidding and the low payment standard never raised for almost 20 years have hindered the industry’s inputs in practice research. As a result, planning and design professionals have seen a degradation in research capacity and innovative intelligence, who now become nothing but “cheap labor force” for repetitive works, failing to respond to the new requirements of the state’s institutional reforms in natural resource conservation and urban-rural planning.}

^{Third, how to promote practice research and knowledge innovation? First of all, colleges and research institutes should re-emphasize the importance of practice research for design disciplines, and then abolish the mechanisms impeding research enthusiasm—Alarmed by the cost of lives during COVID-19 pandemic and the problems exposed in this period, the “paper-first” evaluation system of college faculties has been called off by related departments[1]. Moreover, researchers who are enthusiastic for addressing social issues through design interventions and influencing younger scholars to put more efforts in practice research should be more rewarded. Also, the increasingly market-oriented industry is reshaping the climate in the fields of planning and design, where the institutes good at practice research would be more competitive in business and talent recruitment. As stated by Friedrich Engels over a century ago, one market demand works better than ten universities to stimulate technical progress[2]. Therefore, the healthy development and long-term promotion of practice research relies on the growth of the market-oriented industry.}

^{As an ancient Chinese adage advises, if one can make things better for one day, he should make them better every day[3]. In face of the ever-changing social and natural challenges, practice research paves the path for innovations in theory, methodology, and technology. This is particularly true for Landscape Architecture and Urban and Rural Planning, because planning and design practices are essentially a research process to find out the optimal solutions. As one type of the practice research, “prototype study” discussed in this issue offers a paradigm for the innovation of knowledge and methodology. Oriented to future challenges and uncertainties, it would help extend the horizon of Landscape Architecture, providing designers and scholars with prospective design insights and flexible working methods.}

^REFERENCES

^{[1] Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. (2020, February 20). Notice from the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Technology on Issuing “Several Opinions on Regulating the Use of Related Indicators of SCI Papers in Colleges and Universities to Establish Rational Evaluation Orientation”. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A16/moe_784/202002/t20200223_423334.html}

^{[2] Lu, J. (2008). Interpretation of Marxism Literature. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.}

^{[3] Zeng, S. (2018). The Great Learning (Q. Liu, Tran.). Nanjing: Phoenix Science Press.}

主編寄語 

實踐研究：創(chuàng)新知識和方法的范式（俞孔堅）

論文

控制與不確定性：對原型思維范式的展望（張子豪，劉?。?/p>

身體經(jīng)驗與時空想象——基于場地、場景、場域的景觀建構(gòu)原型研究（魏方，黃子艦）

運用空間句法衡量小型城市公園的安全性——以埃及開羅市羅德－法拉格公園為例（諾哈?艾哈邁德?阿卜杜勒?阿齊茲）

古村落宅間元素的分類及其平面特征解讀——以安徽省黃山市關(guān)麓村為例（王國偉，羅杰威）

療愈性街景元素識別與評價研究（殷雨婷，邵鈺涵，薛貞穎，凱文?斯韋茨，張克新）

觀點與評論

原型思維在廣義建成景觀中的設(shè)計應用（李靜蕓，董華冠，姜佳怡）

城市綠地促進人群健康的作用途徑：理論框架與實踐啟示（張金光，余兆武，趙兵）

主題實踐

區(qū)域“脊柱”太浦河：基于原型設(shè)計的國土空間規(guī)劃補充途徑（謝雨婷，克里斯蒂安?諾爾夫，董楠楠，戴代新，張斗）

促進社區(qū)設(shè)計和管理中的參與性行動：泰國昂西拉地區(qū)集體智能數(shù)字平臺（戎航，楊竣程，錢經(jīng)緯）

路緣沉積：利用原型思維過程探究如何通過路緣及路肩設(shè)計截留暴雨中的路面污染物（哈麗娜?斯坦納，瑞恩?溫斯頓，艾薇?歐貝爾，亞力克?格林姆）

探索與過程

響應式生物修復：規(guī)范海南沿海開發(fā)的不確定性、評價及調(diào)和（郭小曼）

大地舞臺：面向未來的廢棄土地修復（安娜?科爾尼瓦，厄爾瑪克?圖蘭里）

【中文刊名】《景觀設(shè)計學》——原型研究與景觀設(shè)計

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers ? Prototype Study in Landscape Architecture

【作者】張子豪（ZHANG Zihao），劉?。↙IU Xun），魏方（WEI Fang）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司 

【頁碼】186頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X 

【出版日期】2020年8月

【定價】58.00元

控制與不確定性：對原型思維范式的展望

^{Control and Uncertainty: Towards a Paradigm of Prototyping}

^{作者：張子豪，劉潯  ZHANG Zihao, LIU Xun}

摘要 

本文探索了一種不同于模型設(shè)計的原型思維新范式。在將控制論與景觀設(shè)計進行并置分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)，自20世紀至21世紀初，景觀設(shè)計學科的發(fā)展規(guī)律反映了控制論在同一時期的發(fā)展進程。早期關(guān)于系統(tǒng)動力學的決定論和線性理解，逐漸被基于演生論和開放式的主張所取代。在演生論的框架下，筆者強調(diào)一類可被理解為原型的特殊模型不能被基于“建模－預測－控制”的傳統(tǒng)框架所包容。原型并不像傳統(tǒng)建模過程那樣，用模型代表一個開放的生命系統(tǒng)，原型本身就可以被理解為一個獨立的生命體系。原型思維可以取代模型設(shè)計，并展現(xiàn)出三方面的特質(zhì)：1）原型本身即具有“生命力”，這是設(shè)計與創(chuàng)造力的根本；2）原型的真正意義在于其未被定義的狀態(tài)，而不在于其可被定義的最直接的用途；3）這種未被定義的狀態(tài)能夠提供無限可能，并將人們與未來之間的關(guān)系從過去的偶然性和預測轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠诖c展望。

關(guān)鍵詞 

原型；景觀；控制論；系統(tǒng)思維；不確定性；控制

^Abstract  

^{This paper maps out a new paradigm of prototyping that acts as an alternative to the model-making paradigm. By juxtaposing the cybernetics movement with landscape design, the authors have mapped out a development in landscape discourse that mirrors the movement of cybernetics in the 20th century and early 21st century. The early deterministic and linear understanding of systems dynamics is replaced by an emergent and open-ended view. Taking on a framework of emergence, the authors highlight a special type of model that does not fit within the conventional model-predict-control framework. Rather than models that represent another living system, these models are living systems in themselves with autonomy and lives. This special type of model can be understood as prototypes. Prototyping replaces model-making and exhibits three distinctive qualities: 1) A prototype has a life of its own, which serves as the basis for design and creativity; 2) The real usefulness of a prototype lies in its undefined identity rather than its defined and direct application; And 3) the identified quality provides a wide range of possibilities, thus changing our relationship with the future from chance and prediction to anticipation and hope.}

^Keywords 

^{Prototype; Landscape; Cybernetics; Systems Thinking; Uncertainty; Control}

身體經(jīng)驗與時空想象——基于場地、場景、場域的景觀建構(gòu)原型研究

^{Physical Experience and Space-Time Imagery—Research on The Prototype of Landscape Design by Understanding Site, Sight, and Insight}

^{作者：魏方， 黃子艦  WEI Fang, HUANG Zijian}

摘要

當代景觀作為抵抗環(huán)境同質(zhì)化、提供豐富文化想象力的重要媒介，對身體體驗的忽視更易造成人與環(huán)境之間的感知矛盾與割裂。本文提出將身體－時間－空間的關(guān)系原型作為研究基于差異性要素建構(gòu)的場地、場景、場域三種設(shè)計維度的抽象話語，分別表征為物質(zhì)建構(gòu)、意義建構(gòu)和場域建構(gòu)；隨后探討了如何通過控制空間序列與內(nèi)外向、閾的設(shè)置、文本與句法的建構(gòu)、激發(fā)事件與社會想象力等具體施行路徑的作用，構(gòu)成物質(zhì)空間中的推拉運動、意義空間中的側(cè)顯與完形、場域空間的統(tǒng)覺，從而加深人對景觀空間的感知。本文以身體經(jīng)驗與時空想象為切入點，提取并梳理了不同維度的景觀建構(gòu)思維，認為合理的差異要素組織設(shè)計方式可以通過以上三元維度建立深刻且親密的人地關(guān)系。

關(guān)鍵詞 

體驗景觀；原型；時間－空間；閾；社會互動；景觀構(gòu)建

^Abstract  

^{Contemporary landscape is an important medium that resists the environmental homogeneity and diversifies the cultural imagery. The neglect of physical experience would intensify the perception contradiction and separation between people and the site. This paper proposes to use the prototype of the interactions between the body, time, and space to build an abstract discourse to study the design dimensions of site, sight, and insight based on different elements—the three dimensions are represented as perception, conception, and live. It then focuses on how to employ design methods (including the arrangement of spatial sequence and direction, the design of thresholds in the space, the creation of texts and syntaxes, and the stimulation of events and social imagery) to form the push-pull movement in the material space, the abschattung and gestalt of ideographic texts in the meaning space, and the apperception of the social field, so as to enhance people’s perception of the landscape. This paper studies physical experience and space-time imagery to extract and deduce the thinking of landscape design within varied dimensions, and argues that a profound and intimate relationship between man and the site can be established by organizing different elements under the ternary system of site, sight, and insight.}

^Keywords 

^{Experiencing Landscape; Prototype; Space-Time; Threshold; Social Interaction; Landscape Design}

運用空間句法衡量小型城市公園的安全性——以埃及開羅市羅德－法拉格公園為例

^{Space Syntax as a Tool to Measure Safety in Small Urban Parks—A Case Study of Rod El Farag Park in Cairo, Egypt}

^{作者：諾哈?艾哈邁德?阿卜杜勒?阿齊茲  Noha Ahmed Abd El AZIZ}

摘要

數(shù)十年來，厘清犯罪行為及其發(fā)生場所之間的關(guān)系一直是設(shè)計和社會領(lǐng)域的研究重點。盡管空間句法理論為研究環(huán)境的布局特征及其對人們活動與犯罪方式的潛在影響提供了有力支持，其在景觀設(shè)計中的運用卻仍然較少。本研究借助空間句法理論，使用depthmapX軟件分析了埃及開羅市一座公園的空間布局并預測了其安全水平，以期填補這一空白。研究通過現(xiàn)場觀察和采訪公園工作人員收集了該公園2019年的犯罪記錄，并運用ArcGIS 10.3軟件對其進行分析。結(jié)果表明，空間深度、整合度、連接度和犯罪模式分布之間存在較強的相關(guān)性。公園的可見性分析圖則顯示了夏季和冬季植被（常綠喬木／落葉喬木）對視覺連接度和犯罪類型的不同影響。研究指出，將空間句法理論應用于景觀設(shè)計仍面臨挑戰(zhàn)，但該方法在預測城市公園犯罪情況方面具有較大潛力。此類研究結(jié)果可為改進公園的概念設(shè)計提供參考，以創(chuàng)造更安全的公園環(huán)境。

關(guān)鍵詞 

CPTED；空間句法；開羅公園；安全公園；depthmapX軟件；環(huán)境設(shè)計

^Abstract  

^{Decoding the relationship between crime and place has been the focus of researchers in both design and social fields for a few decades. Space syntax theory offers the possibility of examining the configuration characteristics of the environment and their potential influences on people’s activities and crime patterns; however, its implementation in landscape architecture has been limited. This study responds to such a gap by exploring the effectiveness of applying space syntax theory to predict safety levels in a park in Cairo, Egypt. depthmapX was used to analyze the spatial configuration of the park. Crime records from 2019 were collected through site observation and staff interviews, and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.3 software. Results indicated a strong correlation between space depth / integration / connectivity and crime pattern distribution. The park visibility graphs indicated the different impacts of vegetation (evergreen tree / deciduous trees) in summer and winter on visual connectivity and crime types. The research concluded that applying space syntax theory to landscape architecture is challenging; nevertheless, it represents a promising approach to predict committing crimes in urban parks, and the findings can be adopted to enhance park conceptual designs to achieve higher safety level.}  

^Keywords 

^{CPTED; Space Syntax; Cairo’s Parks; Safe Parks; depthmapX; Environmental Design}

古村落宅間元素的分類及其平面特征解讀——以安徽省黃山市關(guān)麓村為例

^{Categorization of the Spatial Elements between Courtyards in Historical Villages and Interpretation of Their Morphological Characteristics—A Case Study on Guanlu Village in Huangshan City, Anhui Province}

^{作者：王國偉，羅杰威  WANG Guowei, Paolo Vincenzo GENOVESE}

摘要 

宅間元素是古村落景觀的重要組成部分。在鄉(xiāng)村景觀同質(zhì)化的當下，現(xiàn)有地方元素的研究傾向于傳統(tǒng)符號或建筑細部等，而較少關(guān)注構(gòu)成古村落宅間平面形態(tài)的核心元素。本文以安徽省黃山市關(guān)麓村為例，梳理了28種古村落宅間元素的分類，繪制了相應的元素圖式，并從面積、圓形度、矩形度、緊湊度和寬長比5個方面量化分析了元素的平面特征。本研究不僅有益于細化古村落平面形態(tài)的理論研究，還有助于促進地方元素的挖掘及應用。這一基于元素分類、圖式及其平面特征量化分析的方法模型為以延續(xù)地域特征為目的的村落景觀平面設(shè)計提供了客觀依據(jù)，同時豐富了村落景觀設(shè)計語匯，避免設(shè)計元素模塊化和千村一面等現(xiàn)象。

關(guān)鍵詞 

古村落；宅間元素；設(shè)計元素；景觀；平面特征；設(shè)計語匯；關(guān)麓村

^Abstract  

^{Spatial elements between courtyards are an important component of the landscape of historical villages. With an increasingly homogenous rural landscape in China, most existing studies focus on traditional symbols and architectural details, while little research is conducted to explore the core elements that shape the spaces between village courtyards. Taking Guanlu Village in Huangshan City, Anhui Province as an example, the research team identified 28 sorts of spatial elements, developed the corresponding diagrams, and quantified their morphological characteristics in area, circularity, rectangularity, compactness, and width-length ratio. This research not only contributes to the theoretical development on the morphology of ancient villages, but also helps promote the exploration and application of local elements. This village landscape design model constituted with element categorization, diagram drawing, and morphological quantitative analysis would provide scientific evidences that help inform the practices to revitalize village localities, showing its practical significance of enriching the design vocabulary of village landscapes and avoiding the prevailing, generic usage of modular designs with urban landscape elements.} 

^Keywords 

^{Historical Village; Spatial Element between Courtyards; Design Elements; Landscape; Morphological Characteristics; Design Vocabulary; Guanlu Village}

療愈性街景元素識別與評價研究

^{An Explorative Study on the Identification and Evaluation of Restorative Streetscape Elements}

^{作者：殷雨婷，邵鈺涵，薛貞穎，凱文?斯韋茨，張克新  YIN Yuting, SHAO Yuhan, XUE Zhenying, Kevin THWAITES, ZHANG Kexin}

摘要

街道作為一種重要的城市公共空間，療愈潛能是其社會價值的體現(xiàn)之一。本研究從注意力恢復理論出發(fā)，以其提出的療愈性環(huán)境的4個特征因子—“遠離性”“延展性”“迷人性”“兼容性”為依據(jù)，闡明了街道空間具有療愈性對于高密度城市環(huán)境中居民的重要意義。研究通過將傳統(tǒng)的療愈性量表問卷與移動式眼動儀相結(jié)合，了解使用者在城市街道環(huán)境中能夠獲得的療愈性體驗，并識別出與療愈性相關(guān)的街景元素，用以探究不同元素對人們療愈性體驗的影響程度。研究結(jié)果表明，“綠植”“人”“汽車”等是顯著影響街道使用者療愈體驗的街景元素。此外，不同街景元素對療愈環(huán)境4個特征因子的影響程度也不盡相同，如：對于遠離性、延展性和迷人性三個維度來說，“綠植”的影響最為重要；而對于兼容性維度來說，“人”是核心影響因素。研究結(jié)果可為歸納提升街道療愈性的設(shè)計導則提供參考，并幫助專業(yè)人員依據(jù)不同類型街道的療愈性側(cè)重點制定具有針對性的設(shè)計改善思路。

關(guān)鍵詞 

療愈性；街景元素；感知評價量表；移動式眼動儀；注意力恢復理論

^Abstract  

^{The street is a type of important urban public space with multiple social values, one of which is the restorative potential. Based on the “being-away,” “extent,” “fascination,” and “compatibility” constructs of restorative environments proposed by the Attention Recovery Theory, this study elaborated the significance of restorativeness provided by street environments to people living in high-density cities. It used the traditional restorativeness scale with mobile eye trackers to explore the restorative experience provided by an urban street, and identified the specific streetscape elements related to restorativeness and the degree of their influences. The results show that “greenery,” “people,” and “cars” perform significant influences, and different streetscape elements have different degrees of influences on the 4 constructs of the restorative environment. For example, for the “being-away,” “extent,” and “fascination” constructs, the influence of “greenery” is the most important, while “people” plays the core role in “compatibility.” The findings can help professionals develop targeted design strategies to improve diverse street environments for a better restorativeness.}  

^Keywords 

^{Restorativeness; Streetscape Elements; Perception Evaluation Scale; Mobile Eye Tracker; Attention Recovery Theory}

原型思維在廣義建成景觀中的設(shè)計應用

^{Prototyping in the Design of Built Landscapes}

^{作者：李靜蕓，董華冠，姜佳怡  LI Jingyi, DONG Huaguan, JIANG Jiayi}

摘要 

“原型”起源于“本質(zhì)主義”—認為萬物均擁有其客觀存在的本質(zhì)，人們可以對典型現(xiàn)象進行抽象、描述并揭示該事物的本質(zhì)。在建筑學發(fā)展過程中，由于本質(zhì)主義無法描述形態(tài)變體的差異性，因而產(chǎn)生了類型學的概念。類型學強調(diào)對建筑形式進行變化和組合，形成與歷史、文化或環(huán)境具有內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的新的空間形式。而在景觀領(lǐng)域，面對復雜多變的設(shè)計對象，自類型學衍化而來的原型概念由于包含時間維度而被更廣泛應用?？梢哉f，原型思維是一種空間秩序的描述及測試，從提取特征、確定形式、測試模擬，到最終引入實體空間，形成了“抽象－衍化－測試－結(jié)果”的設(shè)計方法。在景觀都市主義語境下，設(shè)計者首先必須了解場地的特定文脈，了解過去和未來及使用人群的設(shè)計語言，而后進行原型推演，并將時間性納入考慮。本文主要探討了原型概念的演化過程，并進一步討論原型思維在廣義建成景觀設(shè)計過程的三個階段——研究設(shè)計對象、推敲設(shè)計策略及測試最優(yōu)策略——中起到的作用。

關(guān)鍵詞 

原型思維；建成景觀；切片；情境分析；模擬

^Abstract  

^{The concept of “prototype” originated from "essentialism"—the theory holds that everything is found in its own pure realm that can be typically abstracted, described, and represented. In the development of Architecture, essentialism fails to describe the differences between formal variations, and then Typology was born which manifests the new spatial forms that are embedded within the historical, cultural, and environmental contexts through the changes and combinations of architecture. Prototype, stemming from Typology, highlights the qualities of the time dimension and has been broadly used in the field of landscape architecture to address the objects that are often complex and chaotic. Prototyping is to profile and test the spatial order and characterized by a process of “extraction–deduction–test–outcome”: through the scenario analysis upon understanding and perception of the site, the design extracts the elements, deduces the forms, tests the simulations, iterates the strategies, and finally realizes the outcome physically. In the discourse of Landscape Urbanism, designers must understand the specific material language of the site, the design language of the site’s history (past and future), and the design language of the human activities proposed, while considering the changes over time. This article primarily reviews the evolution of the concept of prototype, and discusses its role in benefiting the design of built landscapes, ranging from the design investigation to the conceiving and testing of design strategies.}

^Keywords 

^{Prototyping; Built Landscape; Site Section; Scenario Analysis; Simulation}

城市綠地促進人群健康的作用途徑：理論框架與實踐啟示

^{Impact Mechanism of Urban Green Spaces in Promoting Public Health: Theoretical Framework and Inspiration for Practical Experiences}

^{作者：張金光，余兆武，趙兵  ZHANG Jinguang, YU Zhaowu, ZHAO Bing}

摘要

城市綠地不僅可以提供廣泛的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務，也能提升人群健康。當前，已有大量研究論述了城市綠地與人群健康的關(guān)系并取得了諸多進展，但尚缺少對兩者復雜潛在作用途徑的探討。本文首先論述了城市綠地對人群健康的積極與消極影響，其次從鼓勵體力活動、緩解精神壓力、提高社會凝聚力和提供生態(tài)系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)／支持服務4個方面構(gòu)建了城市綠地促進人群健康的作用途徑理論框架。在此框架研究基礎(chǔ)上初步提出了健康導向下的城市綠地系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃應對策略，具體包括：1）提升城市綠地的可獲得性；2）提高城市綠地的可達性；3）增強城市綠地的可視性；4）優(yōu)化城市綠地的空間要素組成；5）構(gòu)建網(wǎng)絡狀城市綠地空間格局；6）降低城市綠地對人群健康的消極影響。研究成果可為人群健康和城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供有效的理論基礎(chǔ)和經(jīng)驗啟示，讓有限的城市綠地發(fā)揮更大的健康效益。

關(guān)鍵詞 

人群健康；城市綠地；基于自然的解決方案；生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務；城市綠地系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃

^Abstract  

^{Urban green spaces can not only offer a wide range of ecosystem services, but also promote public health. Most of existing studies have effectually explored the correlation between urban green spaces and public health, but failed to dig the complex impact mechanism behind. This article firstly goes into the positive and negative impacts of urban green spaces on public health, and proposes a theoretical framework of the impact mechanism from perspectives of physical activity encouragement, stress management, social cohesion enhancement, and regulating / supporting services provision by ecosystems. On this basis, 6 health-oriented urban green space system planning strategies are proposed, including promoting the availability, improving the accessibility, enhancing the visibility, optimizing the spatial composition, constructing a network pattern of urban green spaces, and reducing the negative impacts of urban green spaces on public health. The research results can provide theoretical grounding and reference for public health promotion and sustainable urban development to exert more health benefits with limited urban green spaces.}

^Keywords 

^{Public Health; Urban Green Spaces; Nature-Based Solutions; Ecosystem Services; Urban Green Space System Planning}

區(qū)域“脊柱”太浦河：基于原型設(shè)計的國土空間規(guī)劃補充途徑

^{Taipu Canal as a Regional Spine: A Prototypical Approach to Territorial Planning}

^{作者：謝雨婷，克里斯蒂安?諾爾夫，董楠楠，戴代新，張斗  XIE Yuting, Christian NOLF, DONG Nannan, DAI Daixin, ZHANG Dou}

摘要

2018年以來，長江三角洲區(qū)域一體化發(fā)展上升為國家戰(zhàn)略，以加強該區(qū)域城市間的協(xié)作，但目前開放空間的保護與規(guī)劃途徑以定量評價為主，依然沿用自上而下的控制性規(guī)劃導則。太浦河流經(jīng)上海、蘇州和杭州之間的區(qū)域綠心，目前主要發(fā)揮工程功能。本設(shè)計研究項目提出將太浦河升級為串聯(lián)公民生活的軸線，制定新的區(qū)域發(fā)展框架，并使其串聯(lián)沿線多樣化的開放空間、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和歷史水鄉(xiāng)古鎮(zhèn)。項目采用了跨尺度的“地情－原型”方法，整合樣本圖繪、類型學研究和實驗場地的原型設(shè)計探索，并將其貫穿于各個尺度，以評估如何將原型設(shè)計策略歸納為系統(tǒng)性的規(guī)劃導則，并在區(qū)域尺度進行統(tǒng)一實施。本文總結(jié)的這種原型設(shè)計途徑為中國自上而下的國土空間規(guī)劃體系提供了適當補充，以更好地應對愈加復雜的場地條件和更大尺度的空間規(guī)劃需求。

關(guān)鍵詞 

原型；設(shè)計研究；景觀特征；景觀基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；國土空間規(guī)劃；長江三角洲一體化；江南公園

^Abstract  

^{Since 2018, the integrated regional development of the Yangtze River Delta has been subjected as a national strategy to intensify the interconnection between its cities. However, the questions of open space conservation and planning have so far remained essentially quantitative and strongly informed by regulatory and top-down principles. Focusing on the vast green heart between Shanghai, Suzhou, and Hangzhou, this design-driven research project hypothesizes that Taipu Canal can be upgraded from its current technical role into a civic spine that frames new developments and articulates the rich diversity of open spaces, ecosystems, historic water towns and villages. The research adopts a cross-scale method of “contextual prototypes” that combines sampling, typological classification, and prototypical design explorations in pilot projects. A reflective phase zooms out to critically assess how these prototypical strategies can be systemized as structuring principles at the regional scale. The conclusion of the article discusses how this prototypical approach offers an opportunity to inductively complement the top-down Chinese territorial planning system, which needs to cope with increasingly complex conditions and vaster scales.}

^Keywords 

^{Prototype; Research-by-Design; Landscape Characteristics; Landscape Infrastructure; Territorial Planning; Yangtze River Delta Integration; Jiangnan Park}

促進社區(qū)設(shè)計和管理中的參與性行動：泰國昂西拉地區(qū)集體智能數(shù)字平臺

^{Enabling Participatory Actions in Community Design and Management: A Collective Intelligent Digital Platform in Ang Sila, Thailand}

^{作者：戎航，楊竣程，錢經(jīng)緯  Helena H. RONG, YANG Juncheng, William Jingwei QIAN}

摘要

過去10年間，隨著數(shù)據(jù)收集、計算機技術(shù)及可視化方法的發(fā)展，“可持續(xù)智慧城市”這一旨在運用數(shù)字技術(shù)解決各類城市問題的新興概念逐漸得到推廣。然而，早期的方法忽略了公眾參與決策過程的重要性，導致社會個體與專家權(quán)威之間信息不對稱，弱勢群體的代理權(quán)日益萎縮。本文介紹了由研究團隊所設(shè)計的“共同設(shè)計昂西拉”（CoDAS）這一公民參與數(shù)字平臺和工作流程：這個工具可以促進民眾和專家權(quán)威在項目的各個階段中持續(xù)溝通。通過讓眾多利益相關(guān)者作為共同創(chuàng)作者參與到設(shè)計過程之中，CoDAS可以提高不同群體之間的溝通效率，并實現(xiàn)設(shè)計和開發(fā)結(jié)果的公平及項目建成后使用階段的公共資源管理。研究團隊就泰國一個歷史悠久的漁村—昂西拉附近的一處新開發(fā)項目展開了場地設(shè)計實驗，對這一構(gòu)想進行了驗證。

關(guān)鍵詞 

集體智慧；城市設(shè)計；城市治理；社區(qū)營造；可持續(xù)智慧城市；社區(qū)平臺；數(shù)字應用

^Abstract  

^{Advancements in data collection, computing, and visualization methods have given rise to a new form of urban concept over the last decade: the smart sustainable city which tackles various urban challenges with digital technologies. However, earlier approaches omit the importance of citizens’ involvement in decision-making processes, which leads to an imbalanced information asymmetry between individuals and authorities and an increasingly reduced agency for the vulnerable. In this article, a tool and process was proposed which integrates the voices of evolving self-organizing entities to solve collective action challenges: Named as CoDAS (Co-Design Ang Sila), it is a digital platform which facilitates continuous communication between citizens and authorities during different development phases of a given project. By including a large number of stakeholders to participate in the co-design process as co-creators, CoDAS aims to improve communication efficiency while achieving equitable outcomes in design and development, along with post-occupancy common resource management. To test this hypothesis, a site design experiment was conducted on a site near a historical fishing village of Ang Sila, Thailand.}

^Keywords 

^{Collective Intelligence; Urban Design; Urban Governance; Community Building; Smart Sustainable City; Community Platform; Digital Application}

路緣沉積：利用原型思維過程探究如何通過路緣及路肩設(shè)計截留暴雨中的路面污染物

^{Curbing Sediment: A Prototyping Process to Explore How to Capture Road Pollutants in Stormwater Events via Curb and Apron Redesign}

^{作者：哈麗娜?斯坦納，瑞恩?溫斯頓，艾薇?歐貝爾，亞力克?格林姆  Halina STEINER, Ryan WINSTON, Avee OABEL, Alec GRIMM}

摘要

路緣的設(shè)計簡單明了：路緣本身為雨水提供了輸送途徑，促使水和污染物由街道匯入河道。路面上存積著各種沉積物，包括草坪肥料中的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、細菌、病毒、殺蟲劑、金屬元素，以及各種油和油脂。當暴雨發(fā)生時，這些物質(zhì)會在未經(jīng)處理的情況下被沖入雨水管道，而后排入河道，進而影響水質(zhì)乃至整個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。那么，如何通過提升路緣設(shè)計標準來產(chǎn)生更大的系統(tǒng)性影響？

如果重新設(shè)計路緣，使其可以像磁石一樣吸附雨水中的污染物，則將打破路緣固有的設(shè)計標準。2019年夏，一支跨學科研究團隊在俄亥俄州立大學對標準混凝土路緣及路肩的替代方案進行了測試。該團隊使用迭代設(shè)計過程在路緣和路肩表面增加了不同的圖案和凹槽，并使用全尺寸模型測試了模擬暴雨事件，收集了相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)以評估21種替代設(shè)計方案的表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果表明，新的路緣及路肩組合設(shè)計方案可以有效地在道路上攔截污染物，避免其進一步危害水體及水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

關(guān)鍵詞 

基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；水文學；雨洪；路緣；沉積物；城市設(shè)計

^Abstract  

^{The design of a curb is straight forward. The curb itself provides a conveyance of stormwater, facilitating the movement of water and pollutants from the street into waterways. Pollutants such as sediment, nutrients from lawn fertilizers, bacteria, viruses, pesticides, metals, and petroleum by-products accumulate on the road surface and are released during storm events, carried to storm drains, and deposited into waterways, often without treatment. Once pollutants enter the waterways they impact the ecosystem and affect water quality. How can discrete standards—like a curb—be leveraged to have larger systemic impacts?} 

^{The redesign of the curb to perform as a magnet for pollutants can challenge this design standard. During the summer of 2019, the interdisciplinary research team tested alternatives to the standard concrete curb and apron at Ohio State University. The team used an iterative design process to add patterning and crenellations to the face of the curb and apron. Using full scale models to test simulated storm events, the team collected data to evaluate the performance of 21 alternative designs. The results suggest the new combined curb and apron designs can abstract pollutants from roadways before they are detrimental to water bodies and aquatic ecosystems.}

^Keywords 

^{Infrastructure; Hydrology; Stormwater; Curb; Sediment; Urban Design}

響應式生物修復：規(guī)范海南沿海開發(fā)的不確定性、評價及調(diào)和

^{Responsive Bioremediation: Regulating the Uncertainty, Assessment, and Negotiation for Coastal Developments in Hainan, China}

^{作者：郭小曼  KWOK Siu Man}

摘要

填海造地和疏浚活動會損害海洋和沿海生態(tài)。本研究理性分析了獲批的環(huán)境影響評價中存在的沖突點，包括對沿海和海洋生境所受直接及間接影響的忽視，環(huán)評流程中的漏洞，以及海洋環(huán)境修復方案的缺陷，旨在使利益相關(guān)者更好地了解填海造地對海洋和沿海生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成的直接及間接影響，以促使其遵循合理的環(huán)評流程，并實施響應式海洋生物修復方案。研究以中國海南?；◢u為例，通過在疏浚之前及過程中應用響應式牡蠣－海草－珊瑚濾床系統(tǒng)，使周邊海域的水濁度和懸沙濃度保持在珊瑚礁的耐受范圍之內(nèi)。

關(guān)鍵詞

填海造地；疏浚；環(huán)境影響評價；海洋生物修復；響應式原型；牡蠣－海草－珊瑚濾床系統(tǒng)

^Abstract

^{Land reclamation and dredging have a damaging effect on marine and coastal ecology. This study rationally analyzes the conflicts in the approved environmental impact assessment (EIA), including the negligence of the direct and indirect effects on coastal and marine habitats, the short circuit of the EIA procedures among stakeholders, and the insufficient marine environmental restoration schemes. This study also promotes awareness among the stakeholders so they will understand the direct and indirect effects of land reclamation on marine and coastal ecosystems, as well as the indications if they follow the EIA procedures, and implement a responsive marine bioremediation before and during the dredging process. By taking the Ocean Flower Island in Hainan, China as an example, this study applied the responsive oyster-seagrass-coral filtration bed system before and during the dredging process to maintain the water turbidity and suspended sediment concentration below the tolerance limits of the coral reefs in the adjacent areas.}

^Keywords

^{Land Reclamation; Dredging; Environmental Impact Assessment; Marine Bioremediation; Responsive Prototype; Oyster-Seagrass-Coral Filtration Bed System}

大地舞臺：面向未來的廢棄土地修復

^{Earth Choreographer: Remediating Obsolete Grounds of the Future}

^{作者：安娜?科爾尼瓦，厄爾瑪克?圖蘭里  Anna KORNEEVA, Irmak TURANLI}

摘要 

作為一種設(shè)計方法，“大地舞臺”聚焦于廢棄油田景觀的規(guī)劃設(shè)計與功能重構(gòu)。本文所介紹的項目以此方法命名，探討了廢棄工業(yè)用地修復和再利用的迫切需求與機遇，以在未來幾十年間—乃至工業(yè)用地達到預期使用年限后—不斷發(fā)掘土地的開發(fā)潛力，制定相應的預景，并在設(shè)計過程中保留場地和景觀曾遭受破壞的痕跡。在技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展、自然資源危機日益加劇的背景下，本文回答了以下問題：1）生產(chǎn)性景觀的“一手保護，一手重建”意味著什么？2）如何描繪一個不斷被機械重塑的地平面，以及隨之變化的人類與非人類活動區(qū)域的邊界？3）一片不斷自我消解和重建的場地是什么樣？

該項目采用動態(tài)設(shè)計方法提出了2025~2080年的若干預景設(shè)計，使場地能夠根據(jù)不斷變化的使用者需求和利益取向持續(xù)發(fā)展，回應氣候變化和資源枯竭危機，為廢棄景觀的改造和復興提供原型參考。

關(guān)鍵詞 

石油開采；廢棄景觀；修復；再利用；原型；夯土

^Abstract  

^{Earth Choreographer is a design methodology that focuses on choreographing, scoring, and de-territorializing the landscape of an obsolete oil field. The project introduced in this article, titled Earth Choreographer, explores the imperatives and opportunities in remediation and repurposing of obsolete industrial sites, aiming to continuously investigate the potential of the land and possible scenarios over decades—even when the intended life cycle of the industrial site is over. It presents a design process that recognizes the ruination of the ground and the landscape. By acknowledging the evolving technologies and ever-increasing preoccupation with natural resources, it answers the following questions: 1) What happens when a productive landscape is sought to be both partially preserved and recreated? 2) How to represent a ground plane that is being constantly reconfigured by machines with ever-changing boundaries of spaces for human and non-human occupation? And 3) what does a site that constantly erases and reconstructs itself look like?}

^{With several scenarios from 2025 to 2080, this project acts as a prototype for inhabiting obsolete landscapes by addressing climate change and depletion of resources. Its dynamic design methodology allows the site to constantly evolve and change over time based on the needs and interests of its occupiers.}

^Keywords 

^{Oil Extraction; Obsolete Landscape; Remediation; Repurposing; Prototype; Rammed Earth}