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  • 《景觀設計學》2019年第1期

    作 者：
    王志芳（WANG Zhifang），袁振宇（YUAN Zhenyu），布魯諾·德·繆德爾（Bruno De MEULDER）等
    類 別：
    景觀
    出 版 社：
    高等教育出版社有限公司
    出版時間：
    2019年2月

俞孔堅?論景觀的服務——《景觀設計學》2019年第1期“主編寄語”
On Services of Landscapes, By Yu Kongjian

因受邀參與產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展與規(guī)劃咨詢，我先后于2017年3月和2019年1月兩次登上祖國南疆的西沙群島，幾乎踏遍西沙域內(nèi)所有島嶼和沙洲，可以自豪地說，我算是屈指可數(shù)的幸運兒。每次登島歸來不久，我即又開始渴望下一次探訪。于我而言，這些遠在數(shù)千里之外、散落在大海上的島嶼和沙洲便是詩和遠方。那遠方沙洲上須臾的快樂和滿足，足以彌補舟車勞頓及漫長旅途中所付出的時間和機會成本。這種快樂和滿足便源于景觀所能提供的服務。

最早在我心中播下西沙群島之夢的是一篇小學三年級的課文——《美麗的西沙群島》，它至今還保留在小學課本里，但題目已改為《富饒的西沙群島》[1]。在我看來，把“美麗”改為“富饒”大大損害了文章原有的魅力。我至今仍記得其中所描繪的美麗與富饒：五光十色、瑰麗無比的海水，各種各樣的珊瑚和在珊瑚叢中穿來穿去的魚群；海灘上形狀千奇百怪的貝殼，被漁業(yè)工人翻個四腳朝天、沒法逃跑的海龜；島上遍地的鳥蛋和堆積達數(shù)米厚的鳥糞。文章最后感嘆道：西沙群島必將變得更加美麗，更加富饒！這不正是烙印在每個幼小心靈上的美麗中國夢嗎！

這夢伴隨我的人生近五十年之久。當我得以登上西沙群島時，盡管眼前所見美妙絕倫的景致令人傾倒，卻與小學課文中所描繪的美麗與富饒相距甚遠：海水依舊五光十色，但珊瑚卻已經(jīng)大面積死亡，魚群也不見了蹤影。據(jù)專家解釋，這是由于漁民濫用氰化物來捕殺躲藏在珊瑚中的魚類，更有不法之徒不惜以大面積毀壞珊瑚為代價，開挖深埋于礁盤中的硨磲；此外，由于法螺（Charonia tritonis）等被過度捕撈，缺少了天敵的長棘海星（Acanthaster planci）恣意繁殖，摧毀了大量珊瑚。盡管細軟的沙灘仍然綿延于水陸之間，但大部分島嶼已經(jīng)不再有海龜光顧；至于那遍地的鳥蛋和厚厚的鳥糞，早已變成“久遠的傳說”——早在1939~1945年間，日本侵略者將西沙群島上的鳥糞盜運回國，只因覬覦其中富含的磷；小小的幾個洲嶼就曾被法國、日本先后占領(lǐng)；更有非法漁民為財富而來，海洋生物、礦藏等資源被不斷掠奪。

遺憾的是，迄今為止，甚少有個人或團體是因其美麗或所提供的景觀服務而來。要獲得這些服務，我們無需摧毀珊瑚來開采硨磲華麗的珍珠質(zhì)、攫取美味的海鮮，更無需侵占海鳥和海龜?shù)臈⒌匾孕救祟惖拇嬖凇Ｏ喾?，我們只需解放全部的人體感官，去體驗、享受其所帶來的精神、文化和社會層面上無窮無盡的財富。將一群穿梭于絢爛靈動的珊瑚中的活生生的魚變成魚肉所獲得的價值，必定無法等同于它們被無數(shù)次欣賞、喚起人們愉悅心情和激發(fā)藝術(shù)靈感的價值。

因而，當被熱情邀我上島的當?shù)仡I(lǐng)導問及應如何發(fā)展島上的產(chǎn)業(yè)，諸如捕魚、海洋牧場、魚類標本制作等等時，我大聲反問道：難道在這小小島嶼和沙洲上，還有比鑄就愛和美麗中國夢更具價值的產(chǎn)業(yè)嗎？

It has been my honor to be invited to visit the Xisha Islands in southern China in both March 2017 and January 2019. In offering advice on the islands’ industrial development and planning, it was also a rare opportunity for me to explore the islands and shoals in more detail. I am already looking forward to a third visit to the islands, where those islands and shoals scattering in the sea thousands of miles away are fairylands to me. Even the passing pleasure and satisfaction provided by the landscape services far outweigh the time and expense of travel.

The Beautiful Xisha Islands in the textbook for my third year of primary school first inspired my desire to the islands. The beauty and fertility of the islands depicted in the text are still impressed: colorful and magnificent seawater, a variety of corals that attracted fishes, strange seashells, sea turtles that could not run away as they were turned over by fishermen, seabird eggs filled the islands, and thick seabird droppings. The text ends with an expectation that the Xisha Islands will be more beautiful and fertile, which is exactly a dream of Beautiful China — Although still found in textbooks, now it has been renamed The Fertile Xisha Islands[1], which for me could not fit into the text.

Having had knowledge of the islands for nearly five decades, I was overwhelmed and thrilled by the true beauty of the islands once arriving there. At the same time, a shocking amount of the coral and fish had died, significantly differing from the beauty and fertility described in the textbook. According to local experts, it was caused by illegal fishing that used cyanides, capture of giant clams living among the coral reefs, and the imbalance of marine life — the triton’s trumpet (Charonia tritonis) had been overfished while the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) had multiplied excessively and killed large amounts of coral. On the remaining soft beaches, also absent were the sea turtles, seabird eggs, and thick seabird droppings. During the World War II, the seabird droppings were collected and shipped to Japan for phosphorus. After that, the Xisha Islands have suffered from intensive exploitation of marine life and mineral resources.

However, few of the visitors or groups come for the beauty and the landscape services here, which can be easily accessed. The landscape services of the islands can be experienced and enjoyed through their spiritual, cultural, and social wealth, without damaging the coral to cut the reefs for gorgeous pearls and delicious seafood, or invading the habitats of seabirds and sea turtles to declare the ownership of human beings. The value of fish as food can never be worth the same as its ornamental value, pleasure, and artistic inspiration arisen by those swimming through the coral.

Therefore, when asked by the local officials who warmly invited me to visit the islands about how marine industries such as fishing, marine ranching, artwork manufacturing, and fish specimen making could be further developed, I responded proudly that there was nothing more valuable than nurturing love and Beautiful China dream.

Reference

[1] Chu, J. N. (2018). The Fertile Xisha Islands. Chinese (For Grade 3-1 of Primary School) (pp. 76-78). Beijing: People’s Education Press

 

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